Congestion Control Using Link Estimation and Energy-Awareness in Wireless Sensor Networks

Link Capacity Aware Load Balanced and Energy Efficient Multipath Routing for MANETs (EMRD-LB)

A novel energy-efficient multipath routing for load balancing (EMRD-LB) is capable of improving the routing performance and reducing delay, reduces packets dropping and improves data receiving.

A survey on opportunistic routing and channel assignment scheme in cognitive radio ad hoc networks

In terms of Cognitive Radio (CR) technology, Cognitive Sensor Networks (CSNs) vary substantially from conventional WSNs. Modification of transmitter settings is needed for CSNs based on the interaction with the surrounding environment. However, routing is an essential component, and routing methods differ from those used in other networks. On the spectrum-awareness feature the routing system should be able to comprehend the changing spectrum resources in order to create a connection. A trustworthy forwarding path Packet losses and node connection are severely impacted by spectrum unavailability. The buffer is full. The length of time packets are dropped has an effect on the data delivery rate and network lifespan. In terms of routing, phase, this flaw aims to extend the life of a network. Power dissipation and packet loss are calculated based on the spectrum connections. We’ve looked at different routing methods for cognitive sensor networks, including drop ratio. These techniques will assist in lowering the cost of living. Drop ratio and guarantee that the data can be handled by nodes with a low dropping ratio. As a result, the network's lifespan and energy consumption are reduced. The efficiency of the system will improve.

MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI-HOP ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BY USING MATLAB

An Optimal Routing for Chain-based Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

The suggested ORB-PEGASIS algorithm increases the network lifetime of the HetWSNs by, according to a comparison of the obtained results with various algorithms, including PEGASIS-E by 68.42%, PEGASIS by 112.8%, PEG-ACO by 60.43%, and IEEPB-KMO by 58.47%.

A local-update tree-based routing algorithm for WSNs

Simulation results demonstrate that compared with three other algorithms, the proposed algorithm achieves a more balanced energy consumption distribution among nodes, significantly extends the network’s stability period, and further enhances the overall network lifetime.

Control Signaling Constrained Topology Reconfiguration for Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks

In clustered wireless sensor networks (WSNs), battery-powered sensor nodes (SNs) deliver sensing packets to a base station (BS) through cluster heads (CHs), local aggregation, and multihop forwarding. Once a clustered topology is formed, residual energy, relay burden, and CH load diverge across nodes. Rebuilding the topology can rebalance this burden, but each rebuild also consumes control signaling energy for status reporting and configuration dissemination. This paper formulates clustered-WSN topology reconfiguration as a control-signaling-constrained online decision problem. The clustering and routing module serves as the topology-construction layer, while a semi-Markov decision process (SMDP) controller decides whether to keep the current topology or rebuild it with a selected cluster ratio. The controller is implemented using proximal policy optimization (PPO) with normalized energy descriptors, topology age, load-dependent imbalance, distance-dependent control overhead, and scalable cluster-ratio actions. Per-node energy conservation is audited so that data energy, control energy, idle energy, residual energy, and terminal clipping remain consistent with the initial network energy budget. In 30 energy-audited runs of 12,000 rounds, the proposed controller obtains first node death (FND) $1187.5\pm 168.3$ , half node death (HND) $1856.7\pm 25.9$ , packet delivery ratio (PDR) 0.9887, control energy 0.840 J, and 3566.7 delivered packets per Joule. Compared with a $T_{p}=10$ periodic baseline, it improves FND by 294.7 rounds and HND by 118.5 rounds, reduces control energy by 0.224 J, and increases delivered packets per Joule by 213.9. The trade-off is a 86.7-round reduction in last node death (LND) and higher delay under the PEGASIS-style chain-routing module. Calibrated threshold rules can achieve longer LND after deployment-specific tuning, whereas the proposed controller provides a threshold-independent online control layer with quantified reliability-energy-delay trade-offs.