Jul 2026· The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences· Vol XLIX-B3-2026, pp. 481-486· 0 citations· 14 references
Abstract
Abstract. Large cities are complex areas containing densely populated areas along with their infrastructure. Surface movements can pose risks to the safety of structures, such as subway lines, in urban areas. Advanced multi-temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) methods are used to obtain surface deformations, specifically those covering large areas. In this study, the new metro line under construction in the Koceeli Gebze region, adjacent to Istanbul, was analyzed with the multi-time InSAR method. In this context, PS/DS-based phase-linking approach is applied on Sentinel-1 that was acquired between 2019 and 2025. The displacement can reach up to about 13.5 mm/yr specifically where the maximum movement is obtained at the first station. Several time series indicated the evolution of the movement over the surface at the stations. The affected buildings were also examined surrounding of the first stations. The results provide information on monitoring the structural health of infrastructure under construction and also on the impact on surrounding structures. InSAR monitoring methods contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 9) and Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11) by providing information about safe and sustainable building and settlement areas.
Abstract. Aging bridge infrastructure requires efficient, network-scale monitoring, especially in remote areas where traditional in-situ sensors are costly and logistically challenging. This paper presents a remote sensing framework for structural health monitoring based on spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). The approach combines Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and Least Squares Collocation (LSC), implemented through the PHASE open-source MATLAB software, to derive a millimeter-level spatio-temporal displacement model. The methodology is applied to a reinforced-concrete viaduct in the Alpine foothills of Lombardy, Italy, using five years of Copernicus Sentinel-1 data. A custom elevation-based spatial filtering strategy enables the isolation of structural displacements from the surrounding topography. The resulting spatio-temporal displacement model captures the expected seasonal thermal behavior of the structure and highlights localized deviations from the dominant cyclic response. Finally, the SAR-derived model is integrated with UAV photogrammetry and official inspection reports within the P.O.N.T.I. 3D viewer. This multi-source, Digital Twin-like environment facilitates the joint interpretation of remote sensing observations and in-situ evidence, providing a scalable framework to support infrastructure monitoring and management.
Roberto Monti, F. Gaspari, Rohollah Naeijian et al.· The International Archives o...· 0 citations
Land-use decisions made during post-disaster reconstruction can reshape transport systems, built-up environments, and the spatial distribution of environmental exposures. However, these relationships remain insufficiently examined in earthquake-affected cities. This study evaluates the temporal and spatial patterns of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in Malatya, Türkiye, during 2019–2025 and compares the 2019–2022 baseline with the 2023–2025 reconstruction period. Sentinel-5P TROPOMI observations were integrated with land use/land cover, road density, elevation, NDVI, and NDBI within a common spatial framework comprising 108,626 pixel-year observations. Tropospheric NO₂ was modelled using XGBoost, variable contributions were interpreted through SHAP, and spatial dependence was assessed using Global Moran’s
I
. High NO₂ levels were consistently concentrated along the Battalgazi-Yeşilyurt urban axis, where dense road networks, artificial surfaces, and intensive urban functions overlap, whereas lower values were observed in higher-elevation and lower-density areas. Land use/land cover had the greatest gain-based contribution to the model, while elevation exerted a stronger influence on pixel-level predictions. The model showed moderate predictive performance on the holdout test set (
R
2
= 0.5941, RMSE = 2.816 μmol m
−2
, and MAE = 1.865 μmol m
−2
). Annual Global Moran’s
I
values ranged from 0.9893 to 0.9922 (
p
= 0.001), indicating strong spatial clustering of tropospheric NO₂ throughout the study period. The reconstruction period was characterized by a more fragmented and spatially heterogeneous NO₂ pattern rather than a uniform province-wide increase. These findings suggest that changing transport flows, built-up development, topographic controls, and post-disaster spatial reorganization may jointly differentiate environmental exposure conditions. The study provides interpretable spatial evidence for health-sensitive land-use planning, air-quality monitoring, and post-disaster urban management.
Enes Karadeniz· Frontiers in Public Health· 0 citations
Surface deformation in rapidly urbanizing coastal cities is often shaped by the interplay between hydrogeological setting and development disturbance, yet these controls remain insufficiently constrained in tropical coastal environments. Using 119 ascending Sentinel-1A scenes acquired between September 2020 and August 2025, we derived a high-density line-of-sight (LOS) deformation field over Haikou, China, through the combined use of PS-InSAR and DS-InSAR time-series analysis. The results show pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with negative LOS anomalies concentrated in reclaimed coastal sectors, port-adjacent zones, and Jiangdong New District, where cumulative LOS displacement locally approaches 90 mm. DS-InSAR increased the number of valid observations to 764,573, approximately 2.8 times that of PS-InSAR, and showed good internal consistency with collocated PS estimates (R2 = 0.8048). Positive LOS zones are present but are generally weaker and more spatially diffuse than the major negative anomalies, indicating that the near-zero city-wide mean partly reflects compensation between localized negative and positive signals. Spatial attribution analysis suggests that groundwater type, aquifer water-yield property, and geological zoning provide the main hydrogeological background associated with deformation, whereas human activity intensity, road density, and land-use intensity are associated with stronger negative deformation where hydrogeological conditions are susceptible. Because the dataset is limited to a single ascending viewing geometry, the reported deformation is interpreted as LOS motion rather than a fully resolved vertical subsidence field. These results support a cautiously framed interpretation in which coastal urban deformation in Haikou is hydrogeologically conditioned and development-amplified, providing a basis for targeted monitoring and risk-informed planning in newly developed coastal districts.
Zi-Han Song, Kai Wei, Zhixin Wang et al.· Remote Sensing· 0 citations
Land subsidence in coastal reclamation areas has emerged as one of the critical hidden hazards for coastal cities. This paper presents an integrated InSAR and coastline-change framework for land subsidence monitoring and driving-factor analysis in coastal reclamation cities. Taking the Fangchenggang City, China, as the study area, we utilized 266 scenes of Sentinel-1A SAR images (2016–2025) from the European Space Agency (ESA) and applied time-series SBAS-InSAR to obtain a 10-year time-series monitoring result of land subsidence, with cross-validation against PS-InSAR showing an RMSE below 4 mm at four checkpoints. Furthermore, influencing factors were analyzed by integrating data on coastline changes, precipitation, and groundwater indicators. The conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) Seven distinct land subsidence funnels in Fangchenggang City from 2016 to 2025 were identified for the first time. Spatially, land subsidence exhibits significant heterogeneity, primarily concentrated in the coastal reclamation areas of the Qisha Peninsula and the Yuwan Peninsula, the maximum subsidence rate reached as high as −163.53 ± 4.90 mm/yr. Temporally, the subsidence rate in the study area shows a gradual deceleration trend over time. (2) The coastline change results from 1964 to 2025 reveal a three-stage temporal characteristic: the land area increased by 2.23 ± 4.51 km2, 14.28 ± 6.19 km2, and 23.31 ± 4.51 km2 during the periods of 1964–1995, 1995–2008, and 2008–2025, respectively. The time-series InSAR results and coastline change results demonstrate that coastal reclamation is the primary factor contributing to land subsidence in this study area. (3) Apart from land reclamation, driving factors such as precipitation and groundwater indicators also show a slight correlation with land subsidence.
Ya-Fei Sun, Kaijie Yang, Miao-Miao Zhang et al.· Journal of Marine Science an...· 0 citations
Aims: The study aims to measure ground-surface displacement and assess land subsidence along the under-monitored Terai belt of the Himalayan foothills using an open-source remote-sensing workflow.
Study Design: Observational time-series analysis utilising satellite radar interferometry to monitor surface deformation.
Place and Duration of Study: Pantnagar region, Udham Singh Nagar district, Uttarakhand, with acquisitions covering 8 January 2023 to 21 June 2026.
Methodology: Sentinel-1 interferograms were generated via the Alaska Satellite Facility’s HyP3 service and analysed using MintPy with the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) method across 88 acquisitions. Following network inversion and digital elevation model error correction, pixels were masked at a temporal coherence threshold of 0.7, retaining 80.8% of the ~40 m grid. Results were evaluated against Dynamic World land-cover data, rainfall, and modelled groundwater storage.
Results: Most of the scene remained stable, showing a median line-of-sight velocity of −0.4 cm yr−1 (interquartile range: −1.2 to 0.0 cm yr−1; 1σ uncertainty: 0.06 cm yr−1). A distinct, linear subsiding zone in the south-west reached ~−6.1 cm yr−1, representing roughly 21 cm of cumulative line-of-sight displacement over 3.45 years. This deformation persisted over cropped farmland and showed no seasonal rebound during monsoons.
Conclusion: The persistent, non-rebounding subsidence points to inelastic aquifer-system compaction driven by sustained irrigation pumping. Although the rates remain provisional because nearby ground-station verification is unavailable, this methodology provides a reproducible template for regional Terai subsidence monitoring.
G. Verma, Rajeev Singh, Shikha Goswami et al.· Advances in Research· 0 citations
Railway settlement requires long-term monitoring with millimeter-level accuracy; however, conventional leveling provides limited spatial coverage and requires considerable field effort. This study presents a practical assessment of selected StaMPS parameter settings for ComSAR-based railway settlement monitoring using Sentinel-1 InSAR, with conventional StaMPS PS-InSAR used as a comparative workflow. A ComSAR-based compressed interferogram stack and a conventional PS-InSAR workflow were applied to a section of the Honam High-Speed Railway using 61 Sentinel-1A IW SLC scenes acquired between 28 December 2018 and 29 December 2020. Track Concrete Layer (TCL) leveling data acquired at three annual epochs in December 2018, 2019, and 2020 were projected onto the radar line of sight (LOS) using local incidence angles. The InSAR LOS displacement time series were then compared with the leveling-based linear reference trend using trend-referenced RMSE and a 5 m spatial matching criterion. Four StaMPS parameters were evaluated: spatial resampling grid size before unwrapping (unwrap_grid_size), Goldstein filter window size (unwrap_gold_n_win), temporal window for phase unwrapping (unwrap_time_win), and temporal low-pass filtering window (scn_time_win). A univariate parameter-effect assessment was conducted, in which each parameter was varied individually while the remaining parameters were held at their reference settings. Among the four parameters examined, unwrap_grid_size produced the clearest first-order RMSE response in the ComSAR-based workflow under the reference settings used in this study. Grid sizes of 10–20 m produced clear degradation in trend-referenced validation performance, with the RMSE increasing to approximately 6.7–7.4 mm, whereas 40 m was the smallest tested grid size that recovered practically stable RMSE-based validation performance, at approximately 5.58 mm. In contrast, unwrap_gold_n_win, unwrap_time_win, and scn_time_win produced only small or localized numerical RMSE variations, with no consistent deterioration trend across the tested settings. The conventional PS-InSAR workflow also showed relatively stable RMSE-based validation performance across the tested parameter ranges, with RMSE values of approximately 4.87–4.91 mm. These findings provide case-study-based practical guidance for selecting StaMPS parameter settings in ComSAR-based railway settlement monitoring.
Youngmin Kim, Hye-Mi Yu, Sukjo Yoon et al.· Applied Sciences· 0 citations
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