Vdbgl1 Encodes a GH55 Glucan 1,3-β-Glucosidase Required for Full Virulence of Verticillium dahliae

Abstract

Cotton is an economically important cash crop severely affected by Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae. Secreted cell-wall-degrading enzymes act as key virulence factors of this pathogen, yet the biological function of glucan 1,3-β-glucosidase remains largely uncharacterized. The gene VDAG_02814 (designated Vdbgl1) was previously found to be strongly induced during host infection. Here, combined approaches including gene knockout, host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), and transcriptomic analysis were utilized to characterize the function of Vdbgl1. The results showed that Vdbgl1 deletion retarded colony growth on PDA medium by 20.1–21.6%, decreased conidial yield by 20.2–46.7%, lowered spore germination rate by 30.7–32.9%, and weakened utilization of diverse carbon sources by 5.0–14.9%. The ΔVdbgl1 mutants also exhibited significantly increased sensitivity to cell wall-perturbing, osmotic, and membrane-damaging agents. Additionally, the ΔVdbgl1 mutants exhibited reduced disease index by approximately 19.1–27.7% and decreased fungal biomass by 42.7–61.8% in cotton; consistently, HIGS-mediated silencing of Vdbgl1 reduced the disease index by 25.7% and 26.7% and decreased fungal biomass by 48.1–71.5%. Transcriptome profiling of cotton roots infected by the ΔVdbgl1 mutant and the wild-type strain revealed 1007 down-regulated genes enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall degradation, and energy pathways, including 27 carbohydrate-active enzyme genes and 58 genes encoding cysteine-rich secreted proteins. Collectively, these findings indicated that Vdbgl1 coordinates carbon utilization, cell wall remodeling, and stress responses to regulate fungal development and pathogenicity, representing a promising target for cotton Verticillium wilt control.