THE SOCIAL ECONOMY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS

Abstract

This article analyses the state and evolution of the social economy in several European Union countries, including France, Spain, Sweden, Italy and Romania, with a particular focus on comparative institutional dynamics. The social economy refers to economic activities that prioritize social and environmental objectives over profit maximization, contributing to social inclusion, employment generation and sustainable development. The study adopts a qualitative comparative and document-based approach to examine regulatory frameworks, governance principles, economic relevance and policy integration mechanisms across the selected Member States. Attention is given to recent European policy developments, including the European Commission’s Social Economy Action Plan and the Council Recommendation on developing framework conditions for the social economy, as well as to instruments supporting access to finance, statistical visibility and participation in public procurement.The findings highlight both persistent institutional diversity and emerging convergence trends among national models, reflecting differences in historical traditions, policy approaches and levels of economic integration. At the same time, the analysis shows that European policy frameworks contribute to strengthening the strategic role, institutional consolidation and visibility of the social economy across the European Union. The study suggests that the social economy is evolving into an increasingly important component of the European social market economy, with significant contributions to employment creation, social inclusion and the transition toward a more sustainable, inclusive and resilient economic model.