Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: How close to dementia?

Abstract

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness associated with cognitive and functional impairment. This cross-sectional study evaluated the heterogeneity of cognitive and psychosocial functioning in BD, compared cognitive performance between BD and dementia groups, and identified factors associated with cognitive dysfunction. The study included 108 individuals with BD, of whom 32 were euthymic, while the remainder were symptomatic and 39 with major neurocognitive disorder. Sociodemographic data and mood symptoms were collected through structured interviews. Cognitive and functional status were assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), neuropsychological tests, and the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST). BD participants were classified into three cognitive-functional profiles: Dementia-like (BD-DL; N = 69), Mild (BD-M; N = 22), and Preserved (BD-P; N = 17), based on MoCA and FAST scores. A multivariate analysis of covariance, adjusted for age and years of education (Pillai's Trace = 0.65, F = 6.14, p < 0.001; Wilks' Lambda = 0.39, F = 7.96, p < 0.001) showed significant group differences in neuropsychological tests. BD-P showed the highest performance in semantic and phonemic fluency, immediate verbal memory (RAVLT A1), and delayed verbal memory (RAVLT A7) while a pronounced impairment was observed in BD-DL and Dementia. Multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that younger age, lower rates of hypertension, and fewer depressive symptoms were associated with greater odds of belonging to the BD-P and BD-M groups compared with the Dementia. Our findings support distinct cognitive-functional subgroups and indicate that cognitive deficits in BD may approximate the severity observed in dementia.