Fault-tolerant quantum computing with a microwave Cat Bus
TL;DR
A hardware-efficient, shuttling-free architecture that achieves all-to-all connectivity and develops a hardware-aware scheduling scheme that exploits the native cat--atom $\mathrm{CZ}^{n}$ gate to construct a syndrome-extraction circuit with minimum depth.
Abstract
The scalability of fault-tolerant neutral-atom quantum computers is constrained by the latency of shuttling with optical tweezers, imposing a stringent trade-off between qubit overhead and circuit depth in quantum algorithm compilation. Here we propose a hardware-efficient, shuttling-free architecture that achieves all-to-all connectivity. Remote Rydberg atoms are resonantly entangled through a microwave ``Cat Bus''---a cavity mode autonomously stabilized in a bosonic cat state. The Cat Bus natively supports the highly parallelized execution of one-to-many $\mathrm{CZ}^n$ gates with exponentially suppressed crosstalk. We derive the resulting cat--atom error channel from the underlying interactions and physical constraints. For fault-tolerant operation, we develop a hardware-aware scheduling scheme that exploits the native cat--atom $\mathrm{CZ}^{n}$ gate to construct a syndrome-extraction circuit with minimum depth. We benchmark the architecture using hypergraph-product (HGP) codes and estimate a 180-fold reduction in syndrome-extraction cycle time at $N=10^5$ data qubits compared with an atom-rearrangement-based architecture. Under matched two-qubit depolarizing noise, the corresponding error threshold increases from $0.55\%$ to $0.72\%$. Under the hardware-derived error model, we obtain a threshold of $0.80\%$, corresponding to a threshold cooperativity of $C_{\mathrm{th}}=7.8 \times 10^4$, compatible with experimentally accessible parameters for Rydberg-coupled microwave-cavity systems. By avoiding atom transport, the Cat Bus provides a route towards high-speed, fault-tolerant neutral-atom quantum computation.