An Analytically Tractable Framework for Multi-Strain Epidemics: Resolving Algebraic Complexity to Map Oscillatory Dynamics

Abstract

Multi-strain epidemiological systems frequently exhibit self-sustained oscillations, yet severe algebraic complexity has long obstructed a complete analytical characterization of these dynamics. Seeking to bypass these barriers, we have identified a broad, analytically tractable class of two-strain models featuring asymmetric cross-immunity that precludes secondary infections for a single strain. This targeted structural simplification allows us to derive explicit expressions for coexistence equilibria and map their stability. We show that the relative transmission advantage of secondary infections fundamentally governs the onset of robust limit-cycle oscillations, extending previous narrow-borderline results. Crucially, numerical simulations reveal a rich macroscopic landscape where small-amplitude local oscillations coexist with large-amplitude, recurrent outbreak cycles. The structural robustness of these phenomena is confirmed by incorporating effects such as waning immunity and isolation and extending the framework beyond the analytically tractable class. These findings provide a clear mechanistic explanation for multi-strain epidemic cycles and offer a highly tractable baseline for future theoretical developments.