Catalogue Photography as a Cold Start: Toward Deployable Rotary Milling Tool Recognition
TL;DR
This work treats catalogue photography as a useful cold start rather than a deployment-ready training domain, and provides empirical baselines and an evaluation protocol for catalogue-to-field transfer in precision tool manufacturing.
Abstract
Verifying that manufactured batches of rotary milling tools, also known as carbide burrs, conform to production order sheets remains a largely manual and error-prone quality assurance task. Automating this process with computer vision faces a critical cold-start constraint since no labelled imagery from the deployment environment is available, leaving manufacturer catalogue photography as the sole source of supervision. We investigate how far catalogue supervision can support an industrial recognition pipeline under domain shift, explicitly measuring the gap between catalogue separability and performance on held-out field photographs. Our findings reveal three key insights. First, off-the-shelf frozen feature extractors do not reliably separate the two task attributes, head shape and tooth profile, motivating targeted representation learning. Second, metric learning produces near-perfect unsupervised cluster discovery on catalogue images (adjusted Rand index 0.94--0.97), yet on field photographs under half of the accuracy gained from training survives. Third, the largest transfer gains do not come from model scale or representation complexity, but from simple changes that reduce domain sensitivity: converting images to grayscale (+0.22) and constraining retrieval against the known order sheet (+0.11). We therefore treat catalogue photography as a useful cold start rather than a deployment-ready training domain, and provide empirical baselines and an evaluation protocol for catalogue-to-field transfer in precision tool manufacturing.
