Linking open-ocean polynyas and deep convection in the Southern Ocean across CMIP6 models

Observed poleward heat transport by mesoscale eddies in the deep Southern Ocean

Mesoscale eddies in the Southern Ocean extend from the surface to the deep ocean and contribute to regional and global ocean heat budgets. However, sparse in situ observations have limited estimates of eddy meridional heat transport (EMHT) to the near surface, leaving deep-ocean processes poorly understood. Here we qua...

Mixed layer depth in the PMIP4 midHolocene simulations: comparison to proxy data in North Atlantic deep convection regions

Abstract. The ocean mixed layer plays an essential role in the climate system, regulating energy fluxes at the ocean-atmosphere interface. Its representation in climate models is thus critical. Here, we evaluate the mixed layer depth (MLD) in 15 models from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project 4 (PMIP4) a...

Drivers of multi-decadal upper-ocean thermal and haline structure in the Indonesian seas: a synthesis of coral δ18O and ocean models

The sensitivity of a coupled climate model to numerical mixing in its ocean component

An ensemble of seven integrations of the HadGEM3-GC5 coupled model is used to investigate the sensitivity of the simulated climate system to settings in the ocean component that have been shown to affect the level of numerical mixing in forced simulations. This configuration is closely related to the UK contributio...

Dynamical and thermodynamical drivers of regional warming in the Northeastern United States

The Gulf of Maine (GoM) is among the fastest-warming regions in the global ocean, with an observed basin-wide warming rate of approximately 0.05°C per year, substantially exceeding the global upper-ocean average. Although this accelerated warming has been well documented, the relative contributions of local atmospheric...

Atmospheric forcing and ocean preconditioning for dense shelf water cascading in the northwestern Mediterranean

Dense shelf water cascading (DSWC) in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea occurs due to the densification and overflow of shelf water in winter. This process ventilates the deep basin with waters that can be denser than those generated by open-ocean convection. Between 1987 and 2021 (i.e., 35 winter periods), shelf wate...