Chemical fertilizers and environmental sustainability: challenges and implications for modern agriculture

Abstract

Chemical fertilizers have played a fundamental role in increasing agricultural productivity and meeting the growing global demand for food. However, their excessive and prolonged use has generated significant environmental problems and risks to human health. The purpose of this article was to analyze the environmental impacts of chemical fertilizers on ecosystems, agricultural sustainability, and public health through a qualitative review of scientific literature published between 2018 and 2026. The study was based on the analysis of academic research, environmental reports, and scientific publications related to soil degradation, water contamination, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, and sustainable fertilization alternatives. The findings revealed that intensive chemical fertilizer use alters the chemical and microbiological properties of soil, reduces natural fertility, and affects ecological balance. Furthermore, nutrient runoff and leaching contribute to the contamination of rivers, lakes, and groundwater systems, promoting eutrophication and increasing risks to human health. In addition, the production and application of synthetic fertilizers increase pollutant emissions associated with climate change. The review also demonstrated that sustainable practices such as organic fertilization, integrated nutrient management, and precision agriculture technologies represent viable alternatives for reducing environmental impacts without compromising agricultural productivity. Finally, the study concludes that the sustainability of modern agriculture depends on the adoption of responsible fertilizer management strategies and environmental policies aimed at protecting ecosystems and ensuring long-term food security.