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ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ТАМОЖЕННОЙ СТОИМОСТИ ТОВАРОВ, ПЕРЕМЕЩАЕМЫХ ЧЕРЕЗ ГРАНИЦУ, В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ ОПЛАТЫ КОНТРАКТОВ

Jul 2026 · Финансовые исследования · Vol 27, pp. 140-154 · 0 citations · 6 references

Abstract

Введение. В условиях трансформации международных расчетов, вызванной санкционными ограничениями и изменением платежной инфраструктуры внешнеэкономической деятельности, особую значимость приобретает корректное определение таможенной стоимости товаров при использовании различных механизмов исполнения контрактных обязательств. Цель исследования заключается в выявлении особенностей заявления таможенной стоимости товаров при осуществлении расчетов в национальной и иностранной валютах, а также при использовании услуг платежных агентов. Материалы и методы. Методологическую основу исследования составили положения Генерального соглашения по тарифам и торговле 1994 года, Таможенного кодекса Евразийского экономического союза, нормативные правовые акты Евразийской экономической комиссии и Российской Федерации. В работе использованы методы сравнительного правового анализа, обобщения нормативной информации, анализа правоприменительной практики и статистической обработки данных о декларировании товаров. Результаты исследования. Установлено, что при определении таможенной стоимости товаров в современных условиях ключевое значение имеет принцип учета фактически понесенных либо подлежащих оплате расходов покупателя, закрепленный международными и наднациональными нормами таможенного регулирования. На основе анализа практических ситуаций обоснованы подходы к отражению таможенной стоимости при полной и частичной оплате товаров, использовании фиксированного валютного курса, расчетах в различных валютах и привлечении платежных агентов. Обсуждение и заключение. Полученные результаты позволяют обеспечить единообразное применение норм таможенного законодательства при декларировании товаров и снизить риски корректировки таможенной стоимости в условиях изменения механизмов международных расчетов. Практическое значение исследования состоит в возможности использования предложенных подходов участниками внешнеэкономической деятельности и таможенными органами при подготовке и проверке таможенных документов. Introduction. The transformation of international payment systems caused by sanctions-related restrictions and changes in the payment infrastructure of foreign economic activity has significantly increased the importance of accurate customs valuation when various mechanisms for fulfilling contractual obligations are used. The purpose of this study is to identify the specific features of declaring the customs value of goods in transactions settled in domestic and foreign currencies, as well as in arrangements involving payment agents. Materials and Methods. The methodological framework of the study is based on the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994), the Customs Code of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), and the regulatory acts of the Eurasian Economic Commission and the Russian Federation. The research employs comparative legal analysis, regulatory review and synthesis, analysis of law-enforcement practice, and statistical processing of customs declaration data. Results. The study demonstrates that, under current conditions, customs valuation should primarily be based on the principle of accounting for expenses actually incurred or payable by the buyer, as established by international and supranational customs regulations. Based on the analysis of practical cases, the paper substantiates approaches to customs valuation in situations involving full and partial payments, fixed exchange rate arrangements, settlements in different currencies, and the use of payment agents. Discussion and Conclusion. The findings contribute to a more consistent application of customs legislation in the declaration of goods and help reduce the risks of customs value adjustments amid evolving international payment mechanisms. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying the proposed approaches by foreign trade participants and customs authorities when preparing and verifying customs documentation.

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