Sustainable Microcystin Removal from Water Using Low-Cost Agricultural Waste Materials
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are an increasing global concern due to the release of microcystins (MCs), potent hepatotoxins that threaten aquatic ecosystems, livestock, and human health. This study investigated the efficiency of low-cost natural adsorbents—rice straw (R), corn straw (C), and sawdust (S)—compared with commercial activated charcoal (AC) for the removal of microcystins from water sources in Upper Egypt. A total of 72 water samples were collected between June and September 2022 from rivers, irrigation canals, and wastewater channels in Sohag and Assiut governorates. Samples were analyzed for intra- and extracellular MCs using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), while adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), pH, moisture content, iodine number, and methylene blue adsorption. Results revealed mean total MC concentrations of 9.39, 3.18, and 11.70 µg/L in river, irrigation, and wastewater samples, respectively—exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 1 µg/L. Adsorption experiments demonstrated that AC exhibited the highest MC removal efficiencies (88.9% in acidified and 92.3% in neutral water), followed by sawdust (84–86.2%), corn straw (74.01–85.2%), and rice straw (75.4–74.8%). Sawdust and corn straw performed particularly well for extracellular MC removal, while AC was most effective for intracellular fractions. This study highlights the potential of agricultural by-products, particularly sawdust and corn straw, as sustainable, low-cost alternatives to activated charcoal for cyanotoxin removal. Their availability and efficiency support their application in water treatment systems without chemical pretreatment. These findings indicate that agricultural residues could serve as practical, low-cost adsorbents for mitigating cyanotoxin contamination in water, especially in resource-limited regions, while also promoting the beneficial reuse of agricultural waste.