Enzymatic Catalysis of Biodiesel—A Critical Perspective

Abstract

Biodiesel, a renewable alternative to petroleum diesel, can be produced via esterification, hydro‐esterification, or transesterification reactions catalyzed by acids, bases, or enzymes. Enzymatic catalysis, particularly with lipases, offers several advantages over traditional catalysts, including high selectivity, milder reaction conditions, and reduced byproduct formation, such as soaps. Although enzyme cost remains a primary barrier to industrial adoption, recent advancements in enzyme engineering, immobilization techniques, and process optimisation have improved efficiency and reduced costs. Enzymes exhibit tolerance to water and free fatty acids, allowing for recycling and reuse, thereby enhancing their sustainability potential. Moreover, enzymatic routes produce biodiesel and glycerol of higher purity, thereby reducing downstream processing requirements and environmental impact. Considering the global energy transition, environmental and sustainability factors—such as lower emissions, reduced waste, and alignment with ESG criteria and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) —should weigh heavily in technology assessments. While economic feasibility remains a concern, particularly due to slower reaction rates and higher enzyme‐to‐substrate ratios, a comprehensive evaluation that considers environmental benefits and product quality is essential. Policy support, market incentives, and enzyme accessibility are key to overcoming current limitations. This article critically analyses enzymatic biodiesel production, highlighting both the technical and strategic considerations necessary for its scale‐up. Despite cost‐related challenges, enzymatic catalysis offers a cleaner, more sustainable route with the potential to make significant contributions to green energy goals.