Machine learning reveals temperature as a key predictor of dengue risk across Thailand’s provinces: A 20-year analysis

Abstract

Background Dengue fever remains a critical public health challenge in Thailand, with transmission dynamics driven by complex interactions between environmental and socioeconomic factors. Understanding these predictive factors is essential for developing robust forecasting systems. Methods We developed a machine learning framework to classify spatiotemporal dengue risk and identify key predictive factors across Thailand. We analyzed 20 years of monthly dengue hemorrhagic fever surveillance data (2003–2022) from 77 provinces, integrating 54 environmental, climatic, and socioeconomic features. We benchmarked four candidate classifiers — logistic regression, support vector machines, random forests, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) — and selected XGBoost on the basis of performance across six metrics. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were used to interpret feature contributions. The dataset was stratified into training (2003–2016) and testing periods, with the latter subdivided into pre-COVID-19 (2017–2019), COVID-19 (2020–2021), and post-COVID-19 (2022) phases. Results The XGBoost model achieved an AUC of 0.80 in pre-pandemic testing and 0.74 across the combined during- and post-pandemic period. Temperature dominated the feature-importance ranking, comprising seven of the top ten features, with non-linear thresholds near 21°C for 1-month lagged minimum temperature and near 32°C for 3-month lagged maximum temperature — values that align with established biological constraints on Aedes aegypti–mediated transmission. Precipitation features contributed minimally to model predictions, while a higher Gross Provincial Product was associated with increased dengue risk, consistent with predominantly urban transmission patterns. Model performance deteriorated significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic (AUC = 0.62 in 2021), with systematic overprediction indicating that non-environmental factors operating outside the model dominated dengue dynamics during this period. Conclusions Temperature is the dominant predictor of dengue risk in Thailand, and the thresholds we recover correspond closely to known biological constraints on vector competence. Environmentally driven prediction is reliable under stationary conditions but degrades substantially during periods of major societal disruption, underscoring the need to integrate behavioral and surveillance-coverage indicators alongside environmental predictors when applying such models in real time.