Confinement as Decoding: Higher Form Codes and Lattice Yang-Mills Theory

Abstract

We study the relationship between quantum error correction, confinement, and lattice Yang-Mills theory. We first formulate decoding for finite Abelian homological codes in terms of higher form gauge fields. For positive local noise, the logical classes are topological sectors of a Nishimori ensemble, and the optimal decoding error is determined by the relative weights of the nontrivial sectors. We derive Fourier relations between logical probabilities, disorder operators, and information in the channel environment, and we give contour and fractional moment criteria for a threshold. We then study a four dimensional $\Z_N$ memory and its possible relation to confining $\PSU(N)$ vacua. Finally, we define a finite curvature center sheet model coupled to Wilson $\SU(N)$ link variables. In this model the conditional logical probabilities are center twisted Yang-Mills partition functions. A strong coupling expansion gives the leading effective interaction for the syndrome and shows that local syndrome correlations can decay even when the global sheet sectors are mixed. We also show that the likelihood for a separated pair of syndrome worldlines is the center monopole correlator. Its decay determines a transfer matrix mass. This distinguishes the suppression of global flux sectors from the local spectral information needed to discuss a mass gap.