The Role of the Community in Smart Governance Policy for Realizing a Smart City in the Special Region of Jakarta
The successful implementation of Smart City depends not only on digital technology but also on meaningful community participation through Smart Governance. However, previous studies have placed greater emphasis on technological and institutional dimensions, while the role of the community in shaping collaborative digital governance remains underexplored. This study aims to identify the forms and mechanisms of community participation, analyze the factors influencing the effectiveness of participation, and develop an effective participation model within the Smart Governance framework in Jakarta. The study employs a qualitative case study approach with a pragmatic paradigm. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews, observations of the implementation of digital public services, particularly Jakarta's government digital service platforms, and analysis of relevant policy documents and official reports. The data were analyzed through analytical coding involving iterative stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion verification. The findings show that community participation is diverse and encompasses operational, participatory-procedural, and collective-advocacy roles. The effectiveness of participation is determined by the interaction among community capacity, digital governance mechanisms, and institutional support, which contribute to improved public service responsiveness, government accountability, and public trust. The novelty of this study lies in the development of an empirically grounded spectrum of community participation roles and an integrated participation model for the implementation of Smart Governance in Jakarta.