Digitalizing Population Administration Through Integrated One Data Indonesia Framework: A Case Study of Indonesia’s Electronic Identity Card (KTP-el) and Digital ID (IKD)

Abstract

Background: Indonesia faces digital transformation challenges due to its decentralized government structure, large population, and the complexity of digital identity reform. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Electronic Identity Card (KTP-el) and Digital Population Identity (IKD) services within the One Data Indonesia (SDI) framework. Methods: The study used a qualitative-descriptive approach involving 17 informants from the central and regional Directorates General of Population and Civil Registration through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis. Data were analyzed using NVivo 12 by integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the DeLone–McLean Information Systems Success Model, Gibson’s Organizational Effectiveness Theory, and the OECD Digital Government Framework. Results: The results show that KTP-el and IKD improve service efficiency, data accuracy, and interagency interoperability using the Population Identification Number (NIK) as a single identity. However, service effectiveness remains influenced by infrastructure gaps, regional organizational capacity, interagency coordination, and the level of public trust in digital services. The novelty of this research lies in the development of a multitheoretical evaluation framework that integrates technological, organizational, governance, and user-behavior aspects to assess digital identity reform. Conclusion: The research findings contribute to the development of digital identity governance studies in developing countries and provide recommendations for strengthening data interoperability, institutional capacity, and public trust to support inclusive digital transformation. Future research is recommended to quantitatively test this model across different regions and governance contexts.