Stage-Specific Mortality and Developmental Effects of Synthetic Insecticides, Entomopathogenic Fungi, and Physical Barrier Agents on Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Implications for Biological Control in Avocado Orchards
Simple Summary This study assessed lethal and sublethal effects of six reduced-risk pesticides—abamectin, deltamethrin, paraffinic oil, potassium soap, and the entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae—on the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea, a key natural enemy in avocado orchards. Using topical exposur...