Stage-Specific Mortality and Developmental Effects of Synthetic Insecticides, Entomopathogenic Fungi, and Physical Barrier Agents on Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Implications for Biological Control in Avocado Orchards

Abstract

Simple Summary This study assessed lethal and sublethal effects of six reduced-risk pesticides—abamectin, deltamethrin, paraffinic oil, potassium soap, and the entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae—on the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea, a key natural enemy in avocado orchards. Using topical exposure across four developmental stages (L2 larvae, L3 larvae, pupae, adults), researchers found L2 larvae to be the most susceptible stage where paraffinic oil was moderately harmful, and abamectin and M. anisopliae were slightly harmful, while deltamethrin was harmful to pupae and adults. Sublethal effects included delayed L2 development and reduced adult longevity. Potassium soap and entomopathogens proved most compatible with C. carnea, supporting their use in integrated pest management for avocado.