Open access
Aug 2026
Transforming uncertainty into exploration: effects of text-to-image AI on EFL learners' writing anxiety, motivation, and performance
This study contributes to reframing the understanding of uncertainty in GenAI-supported EFL writing and highlights the pedagogical affordances of leveraging multimodal AI as a collaborative, affective scaffold rather than a mere linguistic shortcut.
Dan Chen
· Frontiers in Psychology · 0 citations