Paper-Based Biosensor Using Dual-Recognition Molecules for Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Milk
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common foodborne pathogen that can cause the severe contamination of dairy products. Therefore, there is an urgent need for rapid detection methods. In this study, a paper-based biosensor integrating a dual-recognition strategy using aptamers and antibodies was developed for the sensitive, rapid, and on-site detection of S. aureus in complex milk matrices. The biosensor combines a milk matrix-adapted aptamer with polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) and utilizes colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as visual signal reporters. Using a SELEX process tailored to the milk matrix, the high-affinity aptamer SA2-1 was selected to specifically bind S. aureus, while pAbs enabled multi-epitope capture on the paper substrate. The aptamer–AuNP conjugates generated visual signals, achieving a detection limit of 102 CFU/mL within 15 min without an instrument. This dual-recognition strategy synergistically enhances both sensitivity and specificity, offering a cost-effective solution for dairy safety monitoring.