The Problem of Destiny, Divine Knowledge, and Human Action: Muhyiddin Ibn al-ʿArabī’s Metaphysical Perspective and Divergence from the Classical School of Kalam
The problem of destiny, divine knowledge, and human action is one of the most complex debates in Islamic thought. Classical Kalam traditions—such as Mu‘tazilism, Ash‘arism, and Maturidism—addressed human freedom within a moral-legal framework rooted in creator-created dualism, utilizing theories of kasb (acquisition) a...