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Mohammed Bello Umar

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Open access Aug 2026

Regional security complexes and African foreign policies: ECOWAS and the Sahel security order, 2012–2025

African regional organisations exhibit uneven effectiveness in responding to regional security challenges, acting decisively in some crises while failing in others. This article examines why the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) successfully imposed sanctions on unconstitutional regimes yet struggl...

Mohammed Bello Umar · 0 citations

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