Muhammad Afzal

Exosomes and Extracellular Vesicles in Oncology: Next-Generation Smart Nanocarriers for Precision Cancer Therapy

Exosomes are an evolved sub-type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that have gained popularity in recent years as a novel biological nanocarrier system for targeted precision therapy in cancer owing to their excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and high stability. While other artificial systems can only delive...

Hypophyllanthin Protects Against Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats: Involvement of Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Cytokines, Apoptosis, and Autophagy

Introduction Ethanol consumption is a primary global health concern, frequently leading to severe hepatic injury. The present study assessed the hepatoprotective effects of hypophyllanthin against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods A Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n=6/group): Group I...

Aloesin mitigates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by suppressing NF-κB-mediated oxidative stress and modulating Bax/Bcl-2/caspase pathways.