Vehicle Segment as a Determinant of Battery Electric Vehicle Environmental Performance: A Prospective Life Cycle Assessment Using Gasoline-Powered Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles as the Reference, 2025–2050
The environmental sustainability of passenger-car electrification depends not only on powertrain technology but also on vehicle size, material intensity, energy-system decarbonisation, and end-of-life management. This study applies prospective life cycle assessment to compare battery electric vehicles (BEVs) with gasol...