Sep 2026
Fear and refuge effects in a three-species predator–prey–competitor model: insights from the Yellowstone wolf–elk–bison system
It is demonstrated that non-consumptive predator effects, together with prey refuge, play a crucial role in regulating species coexistence and ecological regime shifts.
Soumya Das, Chandrima Talapatra, S. Roy et al.
· Journal of Applied Mathemati... · 0 citations