TL;DR
It is demonstrated that non-consumptive predator effects, together with prey refuge, play a crucial role in regulating species coexistence and ecological regime shifts.
Wild prey are shaped by predators long before they are caught. Fear alone suppresses reproduction, physical refuges reduce exposure, and many species strike back directly at their attackers, imposing real costs on the hunter. To investigate the combined effects of these behavioral mechanisms, we develop a Caputo fracti...
A discrete-time predator–prey model is formulated in which predator-induced fear modifies prey reproduction through an exponential suppression mechanism, while predator consumption follows a Holling type-II functional response, emphasizing that predator-induced fear can substantially modify population fluctuations and...
The authors' bifurcation-theoretic analysis of the coexistence equilibrium reveals key local transitions, including period-doubling and Neimark–Sacker bifurcations, which highlight the significant influence of the Allee effect on the predator–prey dynamics.
We propose and analyse a five-dimensional continuous-time tri-trophic predator–prey model comprising a prey species, an intermediate predator, a top predator, and two adaptive harvesting efforts. The model integrates three ecologically relevant mechanisms: fear-induced reduction in prey growth, prey refuge, and dynam...
Discrete-time dynamical systems frequently exhibit complex and realistic behaviors, particularly in biological contexts. In this work, a continuous-time predator–prey ecosystem is discretized using the Euler discretization method, and the variation in system stability with different parameter values is investigated. An...
A nonlinear predator–prey interaction model in which the prey population seeks refuge, and predators exhibit interspecific competition is proposed and analyzed, indicating that temporal stability in the nonspatial system does not guarantee spatial uniformity, as diffusion can cause instability and lead to the emergence...
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