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neuroscience

180 papers

#natural language process... Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Three tiers of computation in transformers and in brain architectures

Human language and logic abilities are computationally quantified within the well-studied grammar-automata hierarchy. We identify three hierarchical tiers and two corresponding transitions and show their correspondence to specific abilities in transformer-based language models (LMs). These emergent abilities have often...

E Graham, R Granger · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Oct 2026

COMPASS 2.0: psychometric representational similarity analysis distinguishes symptom structure from personal signal

Language models can score psychiatric questionnaires from speech, but agreement with self-report may reflect the questionnaire rather than the person. We introduce psychometric representational similarity analysis, a framework for comparing the structure of speech-derived scores, self-report, item wording and theory, a...

Baihan Lin · 1 citation
#machine learning Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Untrained CNNs Exceed Backpropagation in V1 Alignment at High Evaluation Resolution: A Systematic RSA Comparison of Four Learning Rules Against Human fMRI

Revised version (v4): noise ceiling replaced, analyses restricted to stimulus pairs presented in different fMRI runs, repaired evaluation of all five conditions. We compare four learning rules (backpropagation (BP), feedback alignment (FA), predictive coding (PC), and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP)) in identi...

Nils Leutenegger · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

NeuroCBIR: A Fast and Accurate Image Retrieval System for Whole-Brain and Region-Specific MRI

Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) in neuroimaging enables the identification of structurally similar brain scans, supporting diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning; however, existing methods are often limited to small datasets, single brain regions, or coarse class labels, thereby restricting their clinical ut...

Félix Nieto-del-Amor, Jing-Ru Fu, J.-Sebastian Muehlboeck et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

CoHyFuse: Condition-wise Hypergraph Fusion with Global Connectome in Task-fMRI

Task-fMRI connectomes reveal state-dependent neural reconfigurations, yet conventional methods marginalize these signals by aggregating distinct conditions into static pairwise graphs, thereby obscuring condition-specific multi-ROI organization. We introduce CoHyFuse, a condition-aware ROI-centered hypergraph framework...

Boseong Kim, Haejun Chung, I. Jang · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

Lightweight Semantic EEG Foundation Model for Frozen Cross-Disorder Transfer

Large-scale EEG foundation models have demonstrated promising transferability across neurological disorders, but often require millions of parameters and substantial computational resources. In this paper, we present the Universal Semantic EEG Foundation Model (USE-FM), a lightweight EEG foundation model that learns tr...

Rita Huan-Ting Peng, Nhat Bui · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Brain-IT-VQA: From Brain Signals to Answers

Decoding visual content from fMRI signals recorded while a person views images, and specifically answering questions about the seen images, is a long-standing challenge. While significant progress has been made in recent years in visual question answering (VQA) from fMRI, performance remains limited. Moreover, although...

Roman Beliy, Matias Cosarinsky, Oliver Heinimann et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

The Score Is Not the Structure: Brain Alignment and Cross-Lingual Transfer

Similarity scores are often offered as evidence that a model shares structure with the brain or across languages. We ask what such a score reads when that structure is removed, or when the instrument measuring it does not work, in two settings. Across seventeen languages, a grammaticality probe transfers worse between...

Saman Rahbar · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

Response Variability and Stability in Human Reasoning

Understanding how humans reason -- and how reasoning responses vary across tasks and individuals -- remains a core challenge for modeling and explanation in cognitive science. We investigate the stability of response patterns within reasoners and whether variation in these patterns can be used to predict learning effec...

Clemens Bombach, Rajmadan Lakshmanan, Marco Ragni · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Stimulus symmetries can confound representational similarity analyses

What can representational similarity matrices (RSMs) tell us about a neural code? As the popularity of these summary statistics grows, so too does the need for a more complete characterization of their properties. Here, we show that symmetries in network inputs can confound RSM-based analyses. Stimulus symmetries rende...

Farhad Pashakhanloo, Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Embodied Neurocomputation: A Framework for Interfacing Biological Neural Cultures with Scaled Task-Driven Validation

Biological neural networks (BNNs) have been established as a powerful and adaptive substrate that offer the potential for incredibly energy and data efficient information processing with distinct learning mechanisms. Yet a core challenge to utilizing BNN for neurocomputation is determining the optimal encoding and deco...

Johnson Zhou, Daniel Tanneberg, Forough Habibollahi et al. · 0 citations

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