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small language model

3,445 papers

#natural language process... Preprint Oct 2026

How the Audit Rule Shapes Faithful Factor Explanations in LLMs

Large language models are often asked which input factors influenced their outputs. For structured inputs, such reports can be checked by counterfactual perturbation, but each factor must be queried multiple times to estimate its effect, so verification is usually budget-limited. We study how this limited-budget settin...

Tao-Lin Zhang, Han-Yu Wang, Jiu-Heng Wan et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Oct 2026

What Wins a Vote? Formatting, Length, and Lexical Diversity in the French Compar:IA LLM Arena

A stylometric approach to 137,293 decisive French-language votes from the July 2026 Compar:IA release is taken, taking a stylometric approach to the raw ranking with rankings adjusted for formatting, length, readability, vocabulary variety, and sentence structure.

Simonas Zilinskas, Maayeesha Farzana, Christophe Benavent · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Sep 2026

Towards Robust Numerical Claim Verification

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used for claim verification, yet remain brittle for numerical reasoning: even small changes in value can sharply degrade accuracy. We show that this brittleness persists in frontier LLMs, but can be mitigated through adversarial fine-tuning on numerically perturbed examples. Usin...

Peter Røysland Aarnes, Vinay Setty · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Sep 2026

PhysicsMate: A Curriculum-Grounded Bengali Benchmark for Secondary Physics QA with Small-Model Adaptation

Bengali secondary education lacks curriculum-grounded benchmarks for STEM question-solving, and general-purpose language models struggle with the precise terminology, unit conventions, and derivations that physics problems demand. We introduce PhysicsMate, a benchmark of 1834 question-answer pairs built from the Nation...

Rashid Azraf Jahin, Saadman Sajid, Khan Raiyan Ibne Reza et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Reason in Style: Discovering and Controlling Style in Language Models

An algorithm is designed that learns to separate representations of content and style from language models' outputs and validate its effectiveness on math questions in a controlled setting, finding that style affects correctness: the probability of solving a problem depends on the style the authors condition on, and di...

Ioana Marinescu, E. Oermann, Kyunghyun Cho · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

ScaffoldM3C: A Multimodal Sequential Monte Carlo Framework for Generative Stable Construction Planning

Autonomously constructing physically realizable 3D structures remains a significant challenge due to combinatorial action spaces, interchangeable components, equifinal assembly sequences, and strict stability requirements during construction. State-of-the-art methods fine-tune large language models for text-based gener...

Gadiel Sznaier Camps, Cheng-Yang He, G. Sartoretti et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

TACO: Ternary Absolute-max Column-wise One-sparse Optimizer for LLM Fine-Tuning

Full-parameter fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) incurs substantial optimizer state memory overhead, limiting the model sizes that fit on modern GPUs. Existing approaches either compress optimizer state, abandon first-order gradients, or change the update geometry while retaining dense state. The recently int...

Ji-Chao Jiang, Cristian McGee, El Houcine Bergou et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

Every Ablation Is a Dose: Counterweights and the Semblance of Self-Repair

Ablate a component of a language model, and other components often appear to adjust and compensate. This phenomenon, termed self-repair, has been observed repeatedly, but its mechanism remains unclear. The most systematic study to date concluded that self-repair is noisy and unlikely to have a single explanation. We ar...

Areeb Ahmad, Pratinav Seth, Vinay Kumar Sankarapu · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

Stochastic Rounding in Low-Precision Transformer Inference: A Variable-Precision Emulation Study of a Small GPT-2

Should low-precision transformer inference use stochastic rounding (SR) or round-to-nearest (RN)? The answer depends on where in the network you look. We isolate this effect by holding the numerical format fixed and varying only the rounding rule at individual operation sites. To enable experiments at freely chosen pre...

Yohan Chatelain, Pablo de Oliveira Castro Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Camh et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Analysis of Quantized and Efficiently Adapted Protein Language Models

QLoRA and 4-bit quantization reduce PLM computational requirements, particularly GPU memory usage, and support QLoRA as a first-pass strategy for memory limited adaptation, reserving full fine-tuning for challenging tasks, unstable architectures or low validation recovery.

I. Zeisler, Sebastian Clancy, P. Bayat et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

MoRA: MoE Pruning via Router Bias Learning and Expert Approximation

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models enable parameter scaling with limited per-token computation by activating only a small subset of experts for each token, but deploying them still requires loading the complete expert pool into memory. Structured expert pruning can effectively reduce the memory usage by removing experts....

Yu-Shuai Sun, Zi-Kun Zhou, Lin Gao et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

Scalable, Transferable Meta-network for Data Selection Requires a Different Loss (and Why the Obvious Choice is Problematic)

Data selection is critical for training large language models on massive and heterogeneous corpora. Meta-learning for Training-data Selection offers a principled alternative to heuristic scoring by learning data weights from a target validation objective, but existing methods face a trade-off between fine-grained valua...

Zi-Lin Du, Bo-Wen Yang, Bo-Yang Li · 1 citation

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