Physics-Guided Synthetic High-Frequency Ultrasound Generation for Skin Layer Segmentation

Abstract

High-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) enables noninvasive visualization of superficial skin structures, but automated skin-layer analysis is limited by the scarcity of densely annotated data. Existing real HFUS datasets commonly provide annotations for superficial targets such as the epidermis and subepidermal low-echogenic band (SLEB), while dense labels for deeper structures such as dermis, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and muscle are rarely available. We propose a physics-guided synthetic HFUS generation framework for skin layer segmentation. The framework constructs multilayer acoustic skin phantoms, assigns layer dependent acoustic properties, and uses k-Wave simulation to generate paired synthetic HFUS images, dense layer masks, and simulation metadata. To evaluate whether the generated data provide transferable supervision, we use it for downstream segmentation pretraining and fine-tune the models on real Mendeley HFUS data. Synthetic pretraining followed by real fine-tuning achieved real-domain performance comparable to real-only training and improved mean Dice/IoU in three of four evaluated trainable architectures. These results suggest that physics-guided synthetic HFUS images contain transferable anatomical and textural cues for real-domain skin layer segmentation, although further reduction of the synthetic-real appearance gap is needed to enable greater gains. The code and data are available at: https://github.com/Finn-02/synthetic-hfus-skin-layer-segmentation.