Nanomedicine‐driven innovations in postoperative cancer immunotherapy: Remodeling tumor microenvironment and precision delivery strategies

Abstract

Postoperative recurrence remains a critical challenge in cancer management, necessitating innovative strategies to reshape the tumor microenvironment (TME) and enhance immune surveillance. This review highlights nanomedicine‐driven breakthroughs in postoperative immunotherapy, emphasizing their potential to overcome immunosuppressive TME and enable precision delivery. By integrating stimulus‐responsive release, multifunctional targeting, and biomimetic designs, nanotherapeutics enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell therapy, and tumor vaccines while reducing systemic toxicity. Notably, advanced nanoplatforms remodel the TME by alleviating hypoxia, normalizing vasculature, and reprogramming immunosuppressive cells. Emerging innovations, including injectable hydrogels, implantable nanodevices, and localized photo/sonodynamic therapies provide sustained immunomodulation at resection sites, effectively suppressing residual tumors and preventing metastasis. Furthermore, nanovaccines leveraging autologous tumor antigens and AI‐driven personalization achieve improved lymph node targeting and durable immune memory. The convergence of nanotechnology with gene editing and real‐time monitoring underscores its versatility in addressing clinical challenges, such as drug resistance and recurrence heterogeneity. Overall, this work underscores a paradigm shift toward nanomedicine‐enabled precision immunotherapy, offering a robust framework to improve postoperative outcomes and long‐term survival in cancer patients.