Music Hallucination in Audio-Language Models: A Hierarchical Formulation and Empirical Study

Abstract

Audio-language models increasingly generate confident music descriptions that are unsupported by the input audio. We present, to our knowledge, the first music-specific, layer-wise, multi-paradigm empirical study of hallucination in audio-language models and formulate it as a hierarchical perceptual grounding failure across five layers: sound events, temporal properties, tonal attributes, style, and emotion. We introduce MuseDiag, a multi-paradigm diagnostic framework with contradiction-based verification, and evaluate nine models (four open-source and five closed-source). We find that (1) vocal misperception is a universal weakness across all nine models, tonal perception is a major axis of architectural differentiation, and Audio-Flamingo-3 remains the stable leader while substantial reordering below it reveals paradigm-specific vulnerability profiles; (2) affirmative bias, generation-mode effects, and layer-specific perceptual limitations are each empirically associated with the observed patterns, with convergent evidence from multiple analyses rather than strict causal attribution; and (3) our two training-free mitigation methods, Audio-Dependency-Aware Decoding for Music (ADD-M) and Taxonomy-Guided Perceptual Anchoring (TPA), can reduce hallucination in probing, but their gains vary by model and often do not carry over to free-form generation, showing that music hallucination mitigation must be evaluated across paradigms.