Epidemiology, frost resistance, and emerging species-specific diagnostics for Trichinella nativa: Current evidence and future priorities

Abstract

Background and Aim: Trichinella nativa is a freeze-resistant zoonotic nematode that circulates predominantly in Arctic and subarctic wildlife and represents an important foodborne parasite affecting both animal and human health. Its remarkable ability to survive prolonged freezing conditions distinguishes it from other Trichinella species and contributes to its persistence in wildlife reservoirs and transmission through the consumption of raw or undercooked game meat. This review summarizes current knowledge on the taxonomy, epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic approaches for T. nativa, with particular emphasis on recent advances in molecular and immunological detection methods. Conventional diagnostic techniques, including artificial digestion, serological assays, and molecular methods, are critically discussed, along with their advantages and limitations, for species-specific identification. Emerging recombinant antigen-based diagnostic approaches are also reviewed for their potential to improve the sensitivity and specificity of early detection. In addition, the review highlights recent epidemiological findings from endemic regions, including Central Asia, and discusses the importance of wildlife surveillance and integrated One Health approaches for disease prevention and control. Current knowledge gaps, particularly regarding standardized species-specific diagnostics, field validation of novel biomarkers, and harmonized surveillance strategies, are identified. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of T. nativa biology, ecology, and diagnosis, while emphasizing future research priorities to improve early detection, epidemiological monitoring, food safety, and the effective management of trichinellosis in endemic regions. Keywords: Arctic wildlife, Central Asia, epidemiology, molecular diagnosis, recombinant antigens, Trichinella nativa, trichinellosis, wildlife surveillance.