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Open access Sep 2026

Gender at first sight: ERP insights into automatic activation, semantic bias, and inclusive language dynamics in Spanish and Italian.

The aim of this study was to investigate the activation of grammatical gender and its modulation by semantic information, such as biological sex and associated stereotypes. Using a gender-priming paradigm we explored the presence and modulation of the gender-congruency effect (GCE) through behavioral and electrophysiol...

A. Casado, G. Benigno, F. Pesciarelli et al. · 1 citation
Open access Aug 2026

First Sounds, Second Language: How Word Onsets Spark Language Co-Activation in 3-Year-Old Bilinguals.

Adult and young bilinguals co-activate their languages to different degrees, even in entirely monolingual tasks. However, many studies use translation pairs with high phonological overlap (e.g., the English-GERMAN: "milk"-"MILCH"), making it difficult to discern the origin of the co-activation. This study examined lang...

Daniela S. Avila-Varela, Nuria Sebastian-Galles · 0 citations
Open access Sep 2026

Representation characteristics of English psych verbs in Chinese-English bilinguals: The modulating role of language proficiency

Abstract This study investigates the semantic representation of English psych verbs in Chinese-English bilinguals (CEBs) and how L2 proficiency modulates this process. A total of 180 CEBs, divided into low-, intermediate-, and high-proficiency groups, completed two masked priming experiments. Experiment 1 examined intr...

Yun Wang, Xin-Fang Liu · 0 citations
Open access Aug 2026

Linguistic frame switching in German–English bilinguals: implications for neuroscience

Introduction: Multilingual speakers frequently report that operating in a different language involves more than a change in grammatical system. The phenomenon at issue is linguistic frame switching (LFS): the involuntary reorganisation of cognitive, emotional, and identity-relevant schemas when a multilingual speaker m...

Judith Zangerle · 0 citations
Open access Sep 2026

Classifier congruency effects in Spanish–Chinese noun phrase production: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence

Mandarin Chinese employs a classifier system requiring classifiers obligatorily positioned between demonstratives or numerals and nouns in noun phrases (NPs; e.g., 一张桌子 , [one specific-classifier-zhang1 table] , ‘one table’). While classifier congruency effects have been documented in monolingual Chinese sp...

Rui-Xue Wu, M. del Carmen Parafita Couto, Niels O. Schiller · 0 citations
Open access Sep 2026

Cross-linguistic impacts on morphological awareness and vocabulary: Comparing Chinese-English bilingual and English monolingual preschoolers

Bilingualism changes language and literacy development, with morphological awareness and vocabulary as fundamental skills. This study tested whether experience with Chinese, which primarily uses compounds and lacks affixes, creates distinct pathways for acquiring English compound and affix awareness, thereby shapin...

Xin Sun, Hélène Deacon, J. Werker · 1 citation

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