Large-language-model multi-agent systems (LLM-MAS) introduce a characteristic reliability problem: an error produced by one agent can be accepted as context by downstream agents and propagate across the workflow. Many proposed safeguards rely on learned or LLM-based judges whose verdicts are themselves probabilistic; w...
This work formalizes four representative agent payment protocols: x402, MPP, ACP, and AP2 in Tamarin, and constructs source-grounded models that capture each protocol's roles, state, trust assumptions, and lifecycle transitions.
A policy algebra is proposed that defines the reliability envelope within which agent capability may be exercised and provides researchers and practitioners with formal correctness conditions, executable decision semantics, and trace evidence for building agents that are not only capable, but reliably capable.
This work introduces the concept of an agentic transaction and proposes an ACID-compliant agent system framework that reinterprets the classical ACID properties for agent execution through four semantic guarantees: Semantic Atomicity, Semantic Consistency, Semantic Isolation, and Semantic Durability.
A contract-bounded runtime architecture, a source-preserving data substrate, and a falsifiable measurement protocol are contributed, which proposes a cluster-period randomized crossover experiment with a four-state verdict: supported, falsified, conditional-engineering, or inconclusive.
Tool-using artificial intelligence (AI) agents, systems that autonomously invoke application programming interfaces (APIs), databases, browsers, and inter-agent protocols such as the Model Context Protocol (MCP), are becoming production infrastructure. Yet the security model governing when an agent is authorized to act...
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