Air Quality Based on Particulate Matter Concentrations (TSP, PM10, and PM2.5) in Paal Dua, Manado City
Abstract
The Paal Dua area of Manado City is an urban area characterized by intensive traffic and commercial activities that may contribute to elevated particulate matter concentrations in ambient air. This study aimed to determine and analyze Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), PM10, and PM2.5 concentrations at three sampling sites with different environmental characteristics and to evaluate their compliance with ambient air quality standards specified in Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021, Annex VII. Measurements were conducted for 24 hours at each site using a High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) and the gravimetric method, following SNI 7119.3:2017 for TSP, SNI 7119.15:2016 for PM10, and SNI 7119.14:2016 for PM2.5. Although all methods employ the same gravimetric principle, they differ in particle-size-selective inlet specifications. TSP concentrations ranged from 6.19 to 24.46 µg/m³, PM10 from 1.38 to 10.89 µg/m³, and PM2.5 from 0.24 to 3.83 µg/m³. The highest TSP and PM10 concentrations were observed at Site 1, near a road and market area, while PM2.5 concentration at Site 3 exceeded that at Site 2. This spatial difference was presumably associated with prevailing wind direction and surrounding building configuration, although meteorological and statistical analyses are required for confirmation. All measured particulate concentrations were below ambient air quality standards during August 2025. These results represent conditions during the sampling period and cannot be generalized to the entire Paal Dua area. Periodic monitoring with broader spatial and temporal coverage is recommended. The study provides information on particulate matter distribution across locations with different emission sources and urban configurations.