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Activity-Based Learning in Mathematics Teaching at the Primary Level: Needs, Challenges, and Prospects

Aug 2026 · RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary · 0 citations · 1 references

Abstract

Primary education is considered the foundation of any nation's educational system, as it is at this stage that the foundations for students' intellectual, logical, and creative development are established. Mathematics is a subject that extends beyond numerical knowledge and plays an important role in developing problem-solving skills, logical thinking, analytical abilities, and decision-making competencies. Despite this, many students at the school level perceive mathematics as a difficult, monotonous, and intimidating subject. Traditional lecture-based teaching methods often fail to adequately encourage students' active participation, curiosity, and experiential learning, resulting in only superficial acquisition of mathematical concepts. In this context, Activity-Based Learning (ABL) has emerged as a teaching approach that makes students active participants in the learning process. This approach seeks to make mathematical concepts accessible, interesting, and meaningful through direct experience, collaborative learning, games, projects, experiments, and real-life situations. The National Education Policy 2020 and the National Curriculum Framework 2023 also recognize child-centred, experiential, and activity-based learning as essential for improving the quality of school education. From this perspective, activity-based learning is not merely an alternative teaching method but an effective and contemporary approach aligned with changing educational needs. This research paper presents a critical analysis of the need for activity-based learning, the practical and institutional challenges associated with its implementation, and its future prospects. Drawing upon Indian and international research studies, national educational policies, curriculum-related documents, and contemporary pedagogical perspectives, the paper examines how activity-based learning can contribute to making mathematics teaching at the primary level more effective, participatory, and relevant to everyday life. It also emphasizes that successful implementation of this approach requires necessary improvements in teacher training, availability of resources, school infrastructure, assessment systems, and educational administration. The study provides a useful reference for teachers, teacher educators, curriculum developers, education administrators, and researchers working in the field of education, while offering meaningful suggestions for making primary mathematics education more innovative, inclusive, and learner-centred in the future.   Abstract in Hindi Language: प्राथमिक शिक्षा किसी भी राष्ट्र की शैक्षिक व्यवस्था का आधार मानी जाती है, क्योंकि इसी स्तर पर विद्यार्थियों के बौद्धिक, तार्किक तथा सृजनात्मक विकास की नींव रखी जाती है। गणित ऐसा विषय है जो केवल संख्यात्मक ज्ञान तक सीमित नहीं है, बल्कि यह समस्या-समाधान, तार्किक चिंतन, विश्लेषणात्मक क्षमता तथा निर्णय लेने की दक्षता के विकास में भी महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। इसके बावजूद विद्यालयी स्तर पर गणित को अनेक विद्यार्थी कठिन, नीरस एवं भय उत्पन्न करने वाले विषय के रूप में अनुभव करते हैं। पारंपरिक व्याख्यान-आधारित शिक्षण पद्धतियाँ प्रायः विद्यार्थियों की सक्रिय भागीदारी, जिज्ञासा तथा अनुभवात्मक अधिगम को पर्याप्त रूप से प्रोत्साहित नहीं कर पातीं, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप गणितीय अवधारणाओं का अधिग्रहण सतही रह जाता है। इन परिस्थितियों में गतिविधि-आधारित अधिगम (Activity-Based Learning) एक ऐसी शिक्षण-दृष्टि के रूप में उभरकर सामने आया है जो विद्यार्थियों को सीखने की प्रक्रिया का सक्रिय सहभागी बनाती है। यह पद्धति प्रत्यक्ष अनुभव, सहयोगात्मक अधिगम, खेल, परियोजना, प्रयोग तथा वास्तविक जीवन की परिस्थितियों के माध्यम से गणितीय अवधारणाओं को सहज, रोचक एवं अर्थपूर्ण बनाने का प्रयास करती है। राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 तथा राष्ट्रीय पाठ्यचर्या रूपरेखा 2023 भी बाल-केंद्रित, अनुभवात्मक एवं गतिविधि-आधारित शिक्षण को विद्यालयी शिक्षा की गुणवत्ता में सुधार के लिए आवश्यक मानती हैं। इस दृष्टि से गतिविधि-आधारित अधिगम केवल एक वैकल्पिक शिक्षण पद्धति नहीं, बल्कि बदलती शैक्षिक आवश्यकताओं के अनुरूप शिक्षण की एक प्रभावी एवं समकालीन दिशा है। यह शोध-पत्र गतिविधि-आधारित अधिगम की आवश्यकता, उसके समक्ष उपस्थित व्यावहारिक एवं संस्थागत चुनौतियों तथा भविष्य में उपलब्ध संभावनाओं का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। इसमें भारतीय तथा अंतरराष्ट्रीय शोध अध्ययनों, राष्ट्रीय शैक्षिक नीतियों, पाठ्यचर्या संबंधी दस्तावेजों तथा समकालीन शिक्षाशास्त्रीय दृष्टिकोणों के आधार पर यह विवेचना की गई है कि प्राथमिक स्तर पर गणित शिक्षण को अधिक प्रभावी, सहभागितापूर्ण तथा जीवनोपयोगी बनाने में गतिविधि-आधारित अधिगम किस प्रकार महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकता है। साथ ही यह भी स्पष्ट किया गया है कि इस पद्धति के सफल क्रियान्वयन के लिए शिक्षक प्रशिक्षण, संसाधनों की उपलब्धता, विद्यालयी अधोसंरचना, मूल्यांकन प्रणाली तथा शैक्षिक प्रशासन में आवश्यक सुधार अनिवार्य हैं। यह अध्ययन शिक्षकों, शिक्षक-प्रशिक्षकों, पाठ्यचर्या निर्माताओं, शिक्षा-प्रशासकों तथा शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में कार्यरत शोधार्थियों के लिए उपयोगी संदर्भ प्रदान करता है और भविष्य में प्राथमिक गणित शिक्षण को अधिक नवाचारी, समावेशी तथा शिक्षार्थी-केंद्रित बनाने की दिशा में सार्थक सुझाव प्रस्तुत करता है। Keywords: गतिविधि-आधारित अधिगम, प्राथमिक शिक्षा, गणित शिक्षण, अनुभवात्मक अधिगम, राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020, बाल-केंद्रित शिक्षण, सक्रिय अधिगम, शिक्षण नवाचार

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