Exercise Training and Heart Rate Variability: A Guided Optimization of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Cardiometabolic Disease

CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS, VO2max, AND EXERCISE CAPACITY AS PREDICTORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK AND MORTALITY: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Background. Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are important modifiable risk factors. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), often expressed as VO2max, VO2peak, metabolic equivalents (METs), exercise capacity, or estimated CRF,...

Association Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and a Composite Index of Cardiac Autonomic Control: Potential Implications for Exercise Training Evaluation

Background/Objectives: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), measured as VO2peak during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX), represents a fundamental marker of cardiovascular health. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) assesses cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR) non-invasively, though technical issues limit clinical use. Combin...

Acute Glucose Response to Maximal Exercise is Associated with Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Subjects

Exercise, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Evidence and Challenges

Exercise is a cornerstone of cardiovascular primary prevention, yet its relationship with atherosclerosis is more complex than traditionally appreciated. Exercise improves the lipid profile by lowering total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B, while increasing HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-I. It also...

Effect of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Lipid Profile and Cardiopulmonary Endurance among Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Research Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Trial

Introduction: Overweight and obesity have become a major public health concern as they contribute to the development of co-morbid conditions like Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes, and respiratory problems, causing a significant impairment in lipid metabolism, known as dyslipidaemia. Resistance and Aerobic...

Efficacy of reduced exertion high intensity interval training to modify cardiovascular disease-related risk factors—a narrative review

Despite advances in medical imaging and treatment, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the primary cause of premature mortality in adults. Lifestyle modification including regular physical activity (PA) is a well recognized strategy to prevent onset of CVD, although the number of adults who attain recommended guidelin...