Design and Development of an Internet of Things-Based Rainwater Quality Measurement System

Abstract

The characteristics and chemical composition of rainwater are influenced by the large or small concentration of air pollutants in the atmosphere. The particles contained in rainwater will decrease over the length of time it rains. Rainwater quality measurement usually uses an Automatic Rain Water Sampler (ARWS) to collect rainwater for a week, and then the water quality is measured. The developed system can help to complement ARWS data with real-time measurements. This study uses ESP32 as a microcontroller. This system uses three rainwater parameters, namely pH, TDS, and temperature. The system is equipped with a servo for the opening and closing mechanism of the appliance, three relays connected to the pump to regulate the hydration of the sensor and remove water from the appliance. The data will be displayed on the LCD and dashboard. The measurement data will be stored on the SD Card and Firebase database. The ESP32-based rainwater quality monitoring system successfully measures pH, TDS, and temperature in real-time during rainfall. The data of pH, TDS, and temperature measurements over time in the four rainfall events showed different patterns of variation according to the characteristics of each rainfall event. All sensors showed good measurement performance at the beginning of the test, but after 23 days of use, the pH sensor and rain sensor experienced a decrease in performance, resulting in less accurate measurements.