Lactoferrin and Nanotechnology: New Insights Into Glioblastoma Therapy

Abstract

ABSTRACT Aim This review aimed to explore emerging therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) through the integration of lactoferrin (LF) and nanotechnology, emphasizing mechanisms that improve drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Methods Published studies on LF‐based nanocarriers and their biological mechanisms were systematically reviewed, focusing on LF's molecular interactions, tumor‐targeting capacity, and the design of nanoscale delivery systems capable of enhancing drug bioavailability and selectivity. Results LF, an iron‐binding glycoprotein with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor properties, can interact with low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐1 (LRP1), enabling its transport across the BBB and preferential uptake by glioblastoma cells. Nanocarrier systems incorporating LF improved the solubility, circulation half‐life (typically 2‐ to 5‐fold enhancement compared with free drug), and therapeutic performance of chemotherapeutic agents while minimizing systemic toxicity. Studies demonstrated that LF‐based nanoparticles could induce apoptosis, inhibit tumor growth (with tumor volume reductions ranging from approximately 40% to 70% in orthotopic GBM models), and enhance radiosensitivity in GBM models. Conclusion LF provides a promising molecular platform for targeted glioblastoma therapy. When integrated with nanocarrier technologies, it enhances therapeutic efficacy, stability, and safety of anticancer agents. The combined LF–nanocarrier approach represents a rational and innovative strategy for improving treatment outcomes in glioblastoma multiforme.