The Associations of AI Literacy, AI Self-Efficacy and AI Attitudes Among Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Path Analysis

Abstract

Background: Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is increasingly integrated into nursing education, yet structured AI literacy training and ethical guidance remain limited. Consequently, nursing students often rely on informal learning, resulting in variability in AI readiness, confidence, and responsible use. Aims: This study was conducted to examine (1) whether AI literacy was positively associated with AI self-efficacy and AI attitudes and (2) whether AI self-efficacy mediated the relationship between AI literacy and AI attitudes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using convenience sampling was conducted with 100 prelicensure nursing students in New York City. Data were collected using the AI Literacy Scale (AILS), AI Self-Efficacy Scale (AISES), and Generative AI Attitude Scale (GAIAS). Correlation and path analyses were performed using SPSS and Amos 30.0. Results: The participants had a mean age of 30.25 years, and 71% were women. AI literacy and AI self-efficacy were both positively associated with AI attitudes (all p < 0.001). Path analysis showed that AI literacy significantly predicted AI self-efficacy (β = 0.39, p < 0.001) and AI attitudes (β = 0.28, p = 0.003). AI self-efficacy significantly predicted AI attitudes (β = 0.31, p = 0.001) and partially mediated the relationship between AI literacy and AI attitudes. Conclusions: AI self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between AI literacy and AI attitudes. Nursing curricula may benefit from structured AI education that integrates guided GenAI practice, case-based learning, and faculty feedback. Such educational frameworks warrant further empirical investigation regarding their potential to foster AI literacy, AI self-efficacy, and positive attitudes toward responsible AI integration, particularly through longitudinal studies assessing subsequent behavioral outcomes.