Sep 2026· Advancement of science· 0 citations· 107 references
Medicine
Abstract
ABSTRACT Brain organoids are self‐organizing 3D aggregates derived from pluripotent stem cells and thus mirror many aspects of human brain development, including gene expression programs, spatial organization, and neuron subtype specification. As a result, these organoids have been used to emulate neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases. Yet, their maturation remains fundamentally constrained by diffusion‐limited necrosis, incomplete vascularization, limited visualization, and the absence of large‐scale circuit integration, which collectively prevent progression beyond the fetal stage. These intrinsic limitations have catalyzed a convergence across microfluidics, biofabrication, imaging, and ethical frameworks, giving rise to a multidisciplinary movement aimed at enhancing organoid viability, reproducibility, and physiological relevance. This perspective examines how these technologies are transforming brain organoids from developmental models into experimentally robust, functional platforms.
Despite persistent challenges related to neuronal maturation, vascularization, reproducibility, and functional integration, this review summarizes recent progress in enhancing cellular diversity, structural organization, and functional complexity within brain organoids.
Chun-Hui Duan, Yu-Kai Wang, Tie-Shan Tang et al.· Brain : a journal of neurolo...· 0 citations
Organoids are stem cell-derived three-dimensional (3D) multicellular constructs that recapitulate key cytoarchitectural, molecular, and functional properties of their tissue of origin. Two fundamentally distinct strategies govern their generation: unguided approaches, which exploit intrinsic self-organization to prod...
The graphic presented represents a summary of the overall workflow used for creating, characterizing, and medical uses of the brain organoids derived from stem cells, and represents a detailed process of brain organoid research and its application.
H. Marei, Anwarul Hasan· Cellular and molecular neuro...· 0 citations
Organoids are three‐dimensional multicellular structures derived from stem cells or primary tissues that recapitulate key structural and functional features of native organs. Advances in stem cell biology, biomaterials, and bioengineering have established organoids as powerful platforms for studying human development a...
Yue-Qi Leng, Yue Wang, C. Cao et al.· MedComm· 0 citations
Preclinical central nervous system (CNS) disease models face a persistent translational gap arising from interspecies differences and limited representation of the human neurovascular microenvironment. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids provide a human-relevant platform for modeling brain devel...
Han-Mo Zhu, Yun Xie, Jing-Qi Li et al.· ACS Nano· 0 citations
Neural organoids provide experimentally accessible human systems for studying brain development and disease, but their value depends on more than structural resemblance to neural tissue. This review develops a circuit-inspired framework for examining cell-state dynamics across development, neurodegeneration, and gliobl...
