The influence of genetic factors on the development of breast cancer with emphasis on nursing care

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women, representing a significant public health issue due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Its etiology is multifactorial, involving hormonal, environmental, and behavioral factors, as well as—importantly—genetic factors linked to hereditary predisposition. Alterations in genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, HER-2/neu, and CYP3A4 are associated with increased susceptibility to the disease, contributing to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor progression. Identifying these genetic alterations facilitates early diagnosis, the screening of high-risk individuals, and the adoption of more effective therapeutic strategies. In this context, nursing plays an essential role in health promotion, prevention, screening, early diagnosis, health education, and the comprehensive care of women affected by the disease. This study is a narrative literature review based on an analysis of scientific articles from databases and journals, aiming to examine the influence of genetic factors on breast cancer development and the implications for nursing care. Evidence shows that the interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors is a key determinant of breast carcinogenesis, underscoring the importance of understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms to improve prevention and care strategies. The study concludes that nurses play a fundamental role in the early identification of risk factors, patient guidance, support during treatment, and the implementation of actions that contribute to better clinical outcomes and quality of life.