Recent advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapies for triple-negative breast cancer

Abstract

This comprehensive review explores advancements in the treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), emphasizing the transformative impact of targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Given TNBC’s aggressive nature and limited therapeutic options, this review provides an in-depth analysis of emerging strategies that aim to enhance patient outcomes. Within targeted therapies, we discuss molecular subtypes and evaluate the efficacy of PARP inhibitors, EGFR inhibitors, and PI3K inhibitors, integrating insights from clinical trials. The immunotherapy landscape is examined through immune checkpoint inhibitors, Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, and novel vaccine-based approaches. Combination strategies are assessed, focusing on clinical efficacy, safety, and resistance mechanisms. Additionally, we highlight emerging therapeutic innovations, including bispecific antibodies, advanced drug delivery systems, and personalized medicine approaches. Beyond treatment modalities, the review addresses key challenges such as therapy resistance, biomarker-driven treatment selection, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence in TNBC management. Future directions emphasize ongoing clinical trials and evolving therapeutic paradigms aimed at improving survival and quality of life for TNBC patients. As the field progresses, a multidisciplinary approach integrating precision oncology, innovative therapeutics, and patient-centered care will be critical. In conclusion, this review encapsulates current breakthroughs and envisions a future where targeted and immune-based interventions redefine TNBC treatment, offering new hope for patients and clinicians alike.