Quantum Interconnects Part I: Strategic Quantum Network Formation

Abstract

The realization of large-scale quantum networks requires more than advances in quantum repeaters, memories, and processors, it requires a framework explaining how heterogeneous quantum technologies evolve from isolated deployments into interconnected infrastructures. While the classical Internet evolved under strong utility incentives associated with resource sharing and communication demands, quantum networking currently lacks dominant applications capable of generating comparable incentives. As a consequence, contemporary quantum networks are largely formed through technology-driven decisions motivated by technical feasibility, experimental validation, and expected future value. This work argues that the absence of utility-driven network formation is not solely a consequence of immature applications, but also of insufficient abstraction. In particular, heterogeneous quantum platforms remain tightly coupled to the functionalities they provide, preventing the definition of technology-independent utility functions. A hierarchical architecture consisting of Physical Platforms (PP), Functionalities (F), Services (S), Applications (A), and Use-Cases (UC) is proposed, together with the argument that quantum interconnects constitute the enabling technology required to decouple physical implementations from network functionalities. Such decoupling permits the definition of utility functions at the functionality level and establishes the conditions under which strategic (agent-based) network formation becomes applicable. Quantum interconnects should therefore be viewed not only as interoperability devices, but also as fundamental enablers of strategic quantum network evolution.