This concise review presents representative experimental demonstrations of quantum teleportation for constructing quantum networks across different physical platforms and discusses current challenges, open issues, and future perspectives toward scalable and practical quantum internet.
Abstract
Quantum networks play a pivotal role in quantum information science, which not only provide a secure communication platform for remote access to quantum computers but also serve as the strategic core for achieving large-scale quantum information processing, forming the foundational infrastructure for the future global-scale quantum internet. Quantum teleportation, which enables the transmission of unknown quantum states over long distances by employing quantum entanglement together with classical communication, is essential for the distribution of quantum resources in the construction of the global-scale quantum internet. To realize a global-scale quantum internet, quantum repeater protocols represent one of the most promising approaches for enabling quantum communication between any nodes. This concise review presents representative experimental demonstrations of quantum teleportation for constructing quantum networks across different physical platforms. Along this trajectory, the review discusses current challenges, open issues, and future perspectives toward scalable and practical quantum internet.
The study delves into quantum key distribution, quantum teleportation, and quantum networks, highlighting their advantages over classical communication systems, and the challenges associated with implementing quantum communication, such as decoherence, quantum error correction, and scalability.
Rajesh K. Sharma, Priya Natarajan· International Journal of Mod...· 0 citations
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the Second Quantum Revolution (Quantum 2.0), characterized by the deliberate engineering and control of individual quantum systems. This era represents a significant shift from relying on bulk matter effects to actively exploiting the non-classical properties of superposition and entanglement as resources for information processing. These foundational principles underpin the three main Pillars of Quantum Technology: Quantum Computing, Quantum Communication, and Quantum Sensing. Quantum Computing promises exponential speedups for complex simulation and optimization problems, particularly in drug discovery, materials science, and cryptography. Quantum Communication focuses on achieving physics-based security through Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which uses the Observer Effect to instantly detect any eavesdropper and ensure information-theoretic security. measurement capabilities. Quantum Sensing delivers ultimate precision in metrology, enabling ultra-sensitive devices like quantum gyroscopes for GPS-independent navigation and magnetometers for advanced medical diagnostics. Despite this promise, the field is currently limited by the central technical challenge of decoherence, in which external noise corrupts the qubit’s quantum state and necessitates complex quantum error correction schemes. The road ahead focuses on achieving Quantum Advantage and addressing scalability to transition from the NISQ era to utility-scale quantum computers. Ultimately, this technological evolution is set to fundamentally transform global industries through unprecedented computational and measurement capabilities.
Rayudu Peyyala, P. G. Reddy, D. S. Reddy et al.· 0 citations
We have investigated the entanglement distribution and quantum teleportation in quantum passive optical networks, where an entangled state is distributed between the central node and multiple end users through lossy fibers and passive optical splitter/combiner. The entanglement degradation is quantified using logarithmic negativity and teleportation fidelity, both in nonassisted and assisted strategies. We find that nonassisted teleportation fidelity rapidly drops below the classical limit as the number of users increases (possible up to five users), while assisted teleportation remains robust against both network size and photon loss, provided that the distributed entangled resource has sufficiently high fidelity. These results highlight the fundamental limitations of bipartite schemes and establish cooperative assisted strategies as essential primitives for scalable fiber-to-the-home quantum access networks and the quantum internet with several end users.
Amir Mohammad Yaghoobianzadeh, J. A. Salehi· IEEE Transactions on Quantum...· 1 citation
This work argues that the absence of utility-driven network formation is not solely a consequence of immature applications, but also of insufficient abstraction, and that quantum interconnects constitute the enabling technology required to decouple physical implementations from network functionalities.
This paper proposes a hybrid bidirectional quantum communication protocol, in which two parties simultaneously transmit two-qubit states: one via quantum teleportation (QT) and the other via remote state preparation (RSP). This approach establishes a more flexible model for bidirectional quantum communication. The protocol utilizes a specially designed maximally entangled quantum channel to enable hybrid bidirectional communication. By performing Bell measurements, joint projective measurements, and corresponding unitary operations, quantum teleportation from Alice to Bob and remote state preparation from Bob to Alice can be accomplished synchronously. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed protocol is evaluated under three typical noisy environments, namely the amplitude damping (AD) channel, phase damping(PD) channel and the depolarizing (DP) channel. The proposed protocol provides a novel framework for effcient bidirectional quantum communication, with potential advantages in enhancing interactivity and optimizing resource utilization in future quantum networks.
The rapid growth of global data traffic and the increasing demand for secure and scalable communication are driving the need for networking paradigms beyond the classical internet. The quantum internet has emerged as a promising solution, leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to enable intrinsically secure communication, and computation. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the fundamental building blocks and system architectures required for large‐scale quantum networks, with a particular focus on photonic hardware platforms. We introduce key concepts of quantum information relevant to networking, including qubits, entanglement, and decoherence, and examine enabling technologies across different qubit platforms, highlighting photonic qubits as the primary carriers for long‐distance communication. We review major deterministic and probabilistic entanglement generation techniques, and analyze entanglement distribution strategies based on fiber, satellite, and quantum repeater architectures. Beyond the physical layer, we provide a system‐level perspective on quantum networking through protocol stack design, as well as challenges in entanglement routing, forwarding, and scheduling. Finally, we discuss experimental testbeds for entanglement distribution in both fiber‐based and free‐space systems, and outline the corresponding challenges and future research directions, including satellite‐assisted architectures for achieving scalable and globally connected quantum networks.
Bhabana Sarma, H. Tiwari, I. Llamas-Garro et al.· Laser & Photonics Review...· 0 citations
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