Bioelectronic hydrogel driven by perovskite solar cells promotes healing of drug-resistant bacteria-infected wounds.

Abstract

Self-powered dressings based on triboelectric or piezoelectric systems generate alternating electric stimulation (ES) that induces M1-type macrophage polarization and exacerbates inflammation, limiting therapeutic efficacy. Here, we report a self-powered dressing integrating portable perovskite solar cells to deliver direct ES that activates anti-inflammatory M2-type macrophage polarization, thereby regulating immune responses and reshaping infected-wound microenvironments. Under optimized conditions (130 mV/mm, 30 min), solar cell-derived ES combined with antimicrobial peptide-loaded silk fibroin hydrogel (AMP@hydrogel (+ES)) efficiently eradicated pathogens by disrupting bacterial respiration, while concurrently promoting fibroblast migration, vascular endothelial tubulogenesis, and neuron differentiation. In methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected wounds, AMP@hydrogel (+ES) achieved 99.8% wound closure through pathogen clearance and immune regulation, accompanied by enhanced collagen deposition, re-epithelization, angiogenesis, and nerve regeneration. Transcriptomic analysis identified cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and focal adhesion pathways as key mediators. As the first immunomodulatory self-powered dressing, AMP@hydrogel (+ES) provides a promising platform for infected-wound treatment.