Sports Practice, Sleep Quality, and Executive Functions in Young Adults: A Mediation Study Using Structural Equation Modeling

Abstract

Introduction. Current evidence highlights the significant cognitive and physiological benefits of regular sports engagement, with well-established positive impact on both sleep quality and executive functions (EF). Objective. The present study aimed to compare sleep quality parameters between young adults practicing individual and team sports, as well as to examine the direct and indirect structural relationships among sports participation indicators, sleep quality, and executive functioning. Method. The sample consisted of 132 young adults aged 18 to 40 years (M = 23.89, SD = 4.93). A sociodemographic and sports questionnaire was employed, along with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI). Data analysis included Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Pearson’s r correlation analyses, MANCOVA, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Bootstrapping with 5000 resamples was used to test mediation effects. Results. The CFA supported the two-factor structure of the ADEXI —working memory and inhibition— with acceptable fit. Sports participation was associated with distinct sleep quality profiles. Specifically, individual sports practitioners reported better sleep quality and shorter sleep latency, team sports practitioners exhibited higher sleep efficiency. Structural equation modeling indicated that sleep quality statistically mediated the relationship between sports participation indicators (current sports practice, weekly hours, and total years of practice) and EF. Additionally, an earlier age of initiation into sports directly predicted fewer EF difficulties, independent of sleep quality, suggesting that early sports participation may contribute to the development of a resilient cognitive reserve. Conclusion. Regular sports engagement, especially when it begins early in life, is associated with better subjective sleep quality and executive functioning. These findings highlight the potential protective role of sports in promoting cognitive health among and support the incorporation of regular sports participation into public health and health promotion strategies aimed at preserving executive functioning.