PENGUATAN KARAKTER MELALUI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA HINDU BERBASIS TEORI PIAGET : TINJAUAN LITERATUR SISTEMATIS DAN KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL

Abstract

This study aims to examine the application of Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive developmentin Hindu Religious Education as a means to strengthen students' character. Employing aqualitative approach via a literature review, the study analyzes the relationship betweenPiaget’s cognitive development stages sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational,and formal operational and Hindu Religious Education strategies that foster theinternalization of character values. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of characterstrengthening is significantly influenced by the alignment of teaching strategies withstudents' cognitive development levels. At the sensorimotor stage (ages 0–2), characterformation is primarily achieved through the habituation of positive behaviors and religiousexperiences involving sensory stimulation. Upon entering the preoperational stage (ages 2–7), instilling values such as Tri Kaya Parisudha and Tat Twam Asi becomes more effectivewhen conveyed through storytelling, role-playing, and symbolic activities suited to children'sdevelopmental characteristics. Subsequently, during the concrete operational stage (ages 7–12), character traits such as discipline, responsibility, and social concern can be cultivatedthrough tangible learning experiences such as ngayah (communal service) andenvironmental conservation activities grounded in the Tri Hita Karana concept. Meanwhile,at the formal operational stage (ages 12 and up), the emergence of abstract thinking abilitiesenables students to critically reflect on Hindu teachings—such as dharma, karma, andmoksha through the analysis of moral dilemmas, philosophical discussions, and complexproblem-solving. The study concludes that a developmentally appropriate approach allowsstudents to construct an understanding of religious values in a gradual, meaningful, andsustainable manner. Integrating Piaget’s theory into Hindu Religious Education contributessignificantly to shaping students who possess intellectual intelligence, moral maturity,spiritual awareness, and a character aligned with Hindu values, while simultaneouslyaddressing the challenges of moral degradation in the modern era through the synergy offormal education, family, and the community.