Neuroendocrine Disruptors and Micro-Nanoplastics in Low-Resource Settings: Emerging Threats to Environmental and Human Health.
Abstract
Neuroendocrine Disruptors (NEDs) are increasingly recognized as a significant environmental and public health concern, particularly in low-resource settings where environmental contamination and inadequate waste management may increase human exposure. NEDs include a heterogeneous group of exogenous chemicals capable of interfering with hormonal and neurotransmitter systems, thereby altering neuroendocrine regulation and potentially affecting multiple physiological processes. This review examines the main sources of exposure to NEDs in populations living in low-resource environments, with particular attention to micro- and nanoplastics, pesticides, bisphenols, phthalates, and dioxins. Evidence from experimental and epidemiological studies indicates that these contaminants may influence neurodevelopment, reproductive health, metabolic regulation, and immune function. Vulnerable populations—including pregnant women, fetuses, children, and occupationally exposed workers—appear particularly susceptible to the effects of NED exposure. In addition, environmental pathways such as contaminated water, food products, cosmetics, and electronic waste represent important routes of human exposure, especially in regions characterized by rapid industrialization and limited regulatory oversight. The review also discusses the challenges faced by low- and middle-income countries in monitoring and mitigating exposure to neuroendocrine disruptors. Finally, emerging strategies aimed at reducing environmental contamination are explored, including improved waste management policies, preventive public health measures, and the potential application of artificial intelligence technologies for the rapid detection of nano-microplastics in consumer products. Strengthening research capacity and environmental health policies in low-resource settings is essential to reduce exposure and protect vulnerable populations.